Standalone practice with disease-based clinical cases.
Pediatric Surgery
Abdominal trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, most commonly from blunt mechanisms like motor vehicle collisions, falls, and sports injuries. The hallmark of modern management is non-operati…
Pediatric Surgery
Hypospadias is the most common congenital penile anomaly in males, characterized by a urethral meatus located on the ventral surface of the penis proximal to the tip. It is often associated with ventral curvature (chord…
Pediatric Surgery
Alimentary tract duplications are rare congenital anomalies where spherical or tubular structures share a muscular wall and blood supply with the GI tract. They most commonly present in infants and young children as a p…
Pediatric Surgery
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are a spectrum of congenital anomalies of the anus and rectum, occurring in approximately 1 in 4,000-5,000 live births. The hallmark presentation is the absence of a normal anal opening at…
Pediatric Surgery
Appendicitis is the most common pediatric surgical emergency, caused by luminal obstruction (often by a fecalith) leading to bacterial overgrowth, ischemia, and inflammation. Classic presentation includes migratory peri…
Pediatric Surgery
Ascites is the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity in children. This quiz focuses on pediatric surgical assessment and management: recognition of surgical indications, initial resuscitation, diag…
Pediatric Surgery
Bladder exstrophy and the more severe cloacal exstrophy are rare congenital anomalies of the exstrophy-epispadias complex, characterized by exposure of the bladder (and in cloacal exstrophy, intestines) through an abdom…
Pediatric Surgery
Ewing sarcoma is one of the two most common primary malignant bone tumors in childhood and adolescence, with a peak incidence in the second decade of life. Classic presentation includes localized pain and swelling, ofte…
Pediatric Surgery
Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children, with presentation varying significantly by age. Hallmark symptoms in older children include morning headache, nausea/vomiting, and focal neurological …
Pediatric Surgery
Pediatric burns are a common traumatic injury, with scald burns from hot liquids being the most frequent mechanism in young children. Initial management follows ATLS principles with a focus on airway protection (especia…
Pediatric Surgery
Caustic strictures of the esophagus result from the ingestion of corrosive substances, most commonly in young children due to accidental household exposure. The injury causes progressive fibrosis leading to dysphagia an…
Pediatric Surgery
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries in children, particularly traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Presentation varies by age, with non-accidental trauma being a common cause i…
Pediatric Surgery
Child abuse, or non-accidental trauma (NAT), is the intentional harm or maltreatment of a child. In the surgical context, classic presentations include patterned bruises, burns, multiple fractures in different stages of…
Pediatric Surgery
Thyroid disease requiring surgery in children is relatively rare but increasingly involves malignant diagnoses, most commonly papillary thyroid carcinoma. The classic presentation varies from a painless neck mass in can…
Pediatric Surgery
Choledochal cyst is a congenital cystic or fusiform dilation of the biliary tree, predominantly affecting girls and with a higher incidence in Asian populations. Classic presentation in children includes the triad of ab…
Pediatric Surgery
Esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital interruption of the esophagus, often with a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), occurring in approximately 1:4000 live births. Hallmark presentation in the newborn includes excessive…
Pediatric Surgery
Pectus excavatum is a congenital depression of the sternum and lower costal cartilages, presenting most commonly in adolescence with cosmetic concerns, chest discomfort, and exertional dyspnea. Diagnosis is clinical and…
Pediatric Surgery
Congenital abdominal wall defects involve herniation of abdominal contents through an abnormal opening present at birth. The two main types are omphalocele, a midline sac-covered defect often associated with chromosomal…
Pediatric Surgery
Congenital skin and hand defects are structural abnormalities present at birth, ranging from simple syndactyly to complex duplications like mirror hand deformity (ulnar dimelia). Key presentations include visible digita…
Pediatric Surgery
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare birth defect where a diaphragmatic defect allows abdominal organs to herniate into the thoracic cavity, compressing the developing lungs. Classic presentation is severe re…
Pediatric Surgery
Conjoined twins are a rare congenital anomaly resulting from incomplete fission of a single fertilized ovum, occurring in an estimated 1 in 50,000 to 200,000 live births. The condition is most commonly diagnosed prenata…
Pediatric Surgery
Craniofacial anomalies encompass congenital conditions like craniosynostosis (premature suture fusion) and cleft lip/palate. Classic craniosynostosis presents in infancy with an abnormal head shape; diagnosis relies on …
Pediatric Surgery
Crohn's disease is a chronic, transmural inflammatory bowel disease characterized by discontinuous inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. In children, it often presents with abdominal pain,…
Pediatric Surgery
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is the most common congenital lung lesion, typically presenting in infancy with respiratory distress due to mass effect or recurrent pneumonia. Pulmonary hydatid cyst (ech…
Pediatric Surgery
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood, arising from primitive mesenchymal cells with skeletal muscle differentiation. It typically presents as a painless mass in the head and neck re…